Tibbiy Mektepni Putturgen Oqughuchilarning Amirikigha Kilis

[Doctor]

Tibbiy Mektepni Putturgen Oqughuchilarning Amirikigha Kilish Yolliri

Memet Emin

Amirikidiki Tibbiy Mektep Tuzumi

Amirikida Tibbiy Mektep (Medical School) da oqush üchün ottura mektepni püttürgendin kéyin aldi bilen 4 yilliq uniwérsitétni püttürüp bakalawrliq unwani élishi kérek. Adette melum kespni oqughan oqughuchi andin tébbiy mektepke kireleydu deydighan éniq belgilime bolmisimu, biraq, tébbiy mektepke kirmekchi bolghan oqughuchilar kem dégende choqum tebii pende oqughan bolushi kérek, undin bashqa méditsina bilen munasiwetlik penlerde yeni biologiye, ximiye, bioximiye, mikrobiologiye qatarliq penlerde oqughan oqughuchilarning tébbiy mektepke kirish éhtimalliqi yuqiri bolidu. Shundaqla uniwérsitétni püttürgen netijisi alahide yaxshi bolush kérek, mektipi yaki oqutquchisi körsitishi kérek.

Amérikida Tébbiy Mektep (Medical School) adette 4 yilliq bolup, bashta oqughan 4 yilni qoshqanda, doxturluq mektepni püttürüp chiqish üchün jemi 8 yil waqit kétidu. Oqush püttürüp chiqqanlar biwasite doktorluq yeni MD (Doctor of Medicine, 医�*�博士) unwani alidu. Shunga Amérikida tébbiy mektepning bakalawrliq, magistérliq unwani yoq. Tébbiy Mektepte oqup chiqsila PhD bilen barawer bolghan MD unwani alidu. Tébbiy Mektepni püttürgen oqughuchilar oqush püttürgendin kéyin Amérikida bir tutash élinidighan USMLE (United States Medical License Examination, 美国医生执照考试) dep atilidighan imtihanni bérip, yaxshi netijige érishkendin kéyin, birer doxturxana tépip, 3 yildin 4 yilghiche balinist doxturi (residency, 住院医生) bolup ishligendin kéyin, andin resmiy doxtur bolup, musteqil xizmet qilalaydu.

Amérikida aliy mektepni püttürgenlerge meyli qaysi kesipte oqughan bolsun bir tutash xizmet teqsimati qilinmaydu, xizmetni pütünley ozi tapidu. Doxturluq mektipini püttürgenlermu residency bolush üchün USMLE dégen imtihandin yaxshi netijige iriship, doxturxanini özi tépishi kérek, bolmisa doxturluq mektipini oqup püttürgen bilen doxtur bolalamaydu.

Amérikida tébbiy mektepni püttürgenler yene oqumaqchi bolsa, doxturluq bilen munasiwetlik birer kespni tallap yene 3~5 yil oqusa PhD unwani alidu. Bu chagha bu oqughuchi qosh doktor unwanliq yeni MD, PhD bolup chiqidu. Bundaqlar köpinche hallarda kelgüside doxturluq qilishni emes, belki tetqiqat bilen yaki tébbiy mekteplerde oqutquchiliq bilen shughullinishni meqset qilghanlar hésablinidu.

Amirikining Bashqa Döletlerde Tibbiy Mekteplirini Püttürgen Oqughuchilargha Tutqan Siyasiti

Amirika Junggo qatarliq nurghun döletlerning Tibbiy Mekteplirini toluq étirap qilidighan bolup, u mekteplerde oqughan oqughuchilarnimu oxshashla doktor yeni MD (Doctor of Medicine, 医�*�博士) dep tonuydu. Chet elde tébbiy mektepni püttürgen oqughuchilar eger Amérikigha kélip doxtur bolmaqchi bolsa tamamen mumkin. Biraq, shert yuqirida dep ötkendek Amérikida tébbiy mektepni püttürgen oqughichilargha oxshash USMLE dégen imtihandin ötüp yaxshi netijige érishishi we doxturxana tépip 3 yildin 4 yil residency (住院医生) bolushi kérek. Eger shundaq qilalisa oxshashla doxtur bolalaydu.

Junggoda, Hindistanda, Pakistanda we bashqa munasiwetlik döletlerde tébbiy mektepni püttürgen köpligen oqughuchilar, Amérikida qayta tébbiy mektepte oqumayla esli dölettiki diplom bilen doxtur bolup ishlimekte. Hetta bezi Amérikida tughulup chong bolghan Hindistanliq we Pakistanliqlar Amérikida Tébbiy Mektepte oqushni tes we qimmet körüp, toluq ottura mektepni püttürüpla esli dölitige bérip, özining til alahidilikidin paydilinip, 4 yil oqup, Amérikida 1, 2 yil imtihan’gha teyyarliq qilipla USMLE dégen imtihandin ötüp, Amérikiliqlar 8 yil oqup 300 ming dollargha yéqin pul xejlep doxtur bolsa, ular 4 yil oqup bir nechche ming dollar pul bilenla doxtur bolmaqta.

Junggoda tébbiy mektepni püttürgen oqughuchilar til jehette sel qinalghanliqi üchün, USMLE dégen imtihandin ötüshke ketken waqit sel uzun bolup, köpinche kishiler adette Amérikigha kélip aldi bilen tetqiqat xizmiti bilen shughullinip, 5 -10 yil xizmet qilip, til ötkilidin ötkendin kéyin andin USMLE ge imtihan bérip doxtur bolidu. Biraq, men bilidighan bir Uyghur qiz Shinjang Tébbiy Uniwérsitétini 1996-yili püttürgen bolup, hazir Amérikida tébbiy mektepni qayta oqumayla USMLE dégen imtihandin ela netije élip, bir chong doxturxanida residency (住院医生) bolup ishlimekte. Alla buyrisa yene 3 yildin kéyin Shinjang Tébbiy Uniwérsitétining diplomi bilen Amérikida resmiy doxtur bolghan tunji Uyghur bolup qalidu.

Beziler Amérikida Junggoning doxturluq oqush tarixini étirap qilmaydiken dégen qarashta. Méningche bu bir mujimel qarash. Amérikining doxturluq tüzümi nahayiti mukemmel bolghachqa, meyli Junggodin kelgen doxtur bolsun we yaki bashqa herqandaq dölettin kelgen doxtur bolsun, Amérikigha kelgendin kéyin biwasite doxtur bolalmaydu. Bu hergizmu u kishining doktorluk unwani yeni MD unwanini étirap qilmighanliq emes. Eger u kishi yuqirida dep ötkendek Amérikining USMLE dégen imtihanidin ötüp, 3, 4 yilliq residency (住院医生) ni tügetse, yenila doxtur bolalaydu. Eger Amérika chet elning doxturluq oqushini étirap qilmidi dégende, bashqa dölette doxturluq oqughan kishi Amérikida doxturluq mektepte oqumay turup, doxtur bolushi mumkin bolmaytti.

Chet elde bashqa kespte oqughan oqughuchilargha nisbeten, burun qaysi unwan alghan bolsa shu unwan boyiche étirap qilinidu. Shunga peqet bashqa dölette tébbiy mekteplerde oqughan chet ellik oqughuchilarla Amérikida unwan jehette alahide paydigha érishken dep qarashqa bolidu.

Bashqa Döletlerde Tébbiy Mektepni Püttürüp Amérikigha Kélishni Arzu Qilghan Oqughuchilarning Amérikigha Kélish Yolliri

Eger Junggoda Doxturluq Mektipini püttürgenler Amérikigha kélip doxturluq kespining magistérliq kespide oqumaqchi bolsa qandaq qilishi kérek dégen mesilige kelsek, deslepte dep ötkendek Amérikida doxturluq saheside magistérliq unwani yoq. Doxturluq Mektepni püttürgen herqandaq adem doktor yeni MD hésablinidu. Undin bashqa Amérikida doxturluq kespi, kirish eng qiyin, oqush puli eng qimmet bolghan kesplerning biri bolup, chet elliklerning doxturluq mektipige kirishi nahayti qiyin, bolupmu Junggo pasporti bilen Doxturluq Mektepke kirish asasen mumkin emes.

Undaqta Junggoda Doxturluq Mektipini püttürgenler Amérikigha kélip oqumaqchi bolsa qandaq qilish kérek dégende, Junggoda alghan bakalawrluq diplomini MD dep qarap, doxturluq bilen munasiwetlik (Bioscience or health science, 生物科�*�) penler dairiside biwasite PhD ge iltimas qilsa bolidu. Beziler bilmesliktin magistérliqqa iltimas qilip, Amérikigha kélip magistérliq unwanini alghan bolsimu, biraq, kéyinche yene burunqi MD unwanini ishlitidu, bolmisa keynige chékingenlik bolidu. Men bilidighan bezi Junngoluqlar Junggoda Doxturluq Mektipini püttürgendin kéyin, gerche dorigerlik yaki irsiyet qatarliq penlerde magistérliq oqughan bolsimu, biraq Amérikigha kelgendin kéyin yenila MD dep ishlitiwatidu. Magistér MD din töwen turidighan bolup, Amérikida bérilidighan maash ölchimimu MD din töwen bolidu.

Shunga Junggoda tébbiy mektepni püttürgenler eger Amérikigha kélip oqumaqchi bolsa, eger shert-sharaiti toshqan ehwal astida, özini MD dep hésablap biwasite PhD gha iltimas qilsa bolidu.

Amérikida xizmet tépish asan bolghan doxturluq bilen munasiwetlik kespler Biochemistry (生物化�*�), Biology(生物�*�), Genetics 遗��*�*�, Histology (组织�*�), Immunology (免疫�*�), Microbiology (微生物�*�), Bacteriology ( 细菌�*�), Virology ( 病毒�*�), Molecular Biology (分�*�生物�*�), Molecular Biophysics (分�*�生物物理�*�), Pathology ( 病理�*�) , Pathophysiology ( 病理生理�*�), Pharmacology (药理�*�), Physiology (生理�*�).

Eger siz Junggoda yuqiriqi kesplerde oqup PhD alghan bolsingiz, Amérikigha kélishingiz asan’gha toxtaydu, yaki Amérikigha kélip yuqiriqi kesplerde PhD oqusingiz oqush püttürgendin kéyin xizmet tépish, Amérikida turup qélish yeni Green Card (Lü Ka) élishingiz qiyin emes.

Eger siz Junggoda Doxturluq Mektipide oqup, Amérikigha xizmet qilish üchün kelmekchi bolsingiz, bumu tamamen mumkin. Buning ikki xil yoli bar bolup, biri J1 wiza bilen Visiting Scholar (Jiao huan xue zhe, 交换�*�者) yaki Post-doc (博士后) bolup kélish, yene biri H-1B wiza yeni xizmet wizisi bilen post-doc bolup kélish. Bulardiki asasliq shertlerning biri En’glizchide yaxshi bolush (biraq TOEFL telep qilinmaydu, éghiz tili yaxshi bolsa bolidu), ikkinchisi Junggoda doxturluq tetqiqat xizmiti bilen shughullinip baqqan, shundaqla maqale élan qilip baqqan bolush kérek. Birer mukapat élip baqqan bolsa téximu yaxshi. Bu ikki xil wiza ichide J1 wizini élish bir az asan bolup, bu wizigha iltimas qilghanlar san cheklimisige uchrimaydu, béridighan maash töwen. H-1B wiza sel tes bolup, san cheklimisi bar, béridighan maashi adette J1 gha nisbeten sel yuqiri. Amérikida oqush püttürgen chet elliklermu bir mezgil mushu wiza bilen Amérikida turup xizmet qilidu.

Amérikidiki Aliy Mektep we Tetqiqat Organliri Néme Üchün Bashqa Döletlerde Oqush Püttürgen MD yaki PhD larga Muhtaj?

Amérikida oxshimighan unwan we oxshimighan kesptikilerge bérilidighan maashta belgilik ölchem bolup, Amérikida bakalawr unwani alghanlarning bashlinish maashi adette 30 mingdin 50 dollar ariliqida bolidu. Magistérliq unwani alghanlarning bashlinish maashi adette 50 ming dollardin 80 ming dollar ariliqida bolidu. PhD unwani alghanlarning bashlinish maashi adette 70 mingdin 120 ming dollar ariliqida bolidu. MD unwani alghanlar USMLE imtihanidin ötüp 3, 4 yilliq residency (住院医生) bolush jeryanida yiligha 40 mingdin 60 ming dollar maash alidu. Resmiy doxtur bolghandin kéyin deslepki maashi adette 120 ming dollar etrapida bolidu, bir nechche yildin kéyin bezi kesplerning doxturliri yiligha yérim milyondin 1 milyon ariliqida maash alidu. Birnechche milyon maash alidighan doxturlarmu az emes. Elwette oxshimighan shitat we sheherler arisida belgilik perqler bar.

J1 wiza bilen Amérikigha kelgen chet elde MD yaki PhD unwani alghanlargha béridighan maash adette yiligha 18 ming dollardin 24 ming dollar etrapida bolidu. H-1B wiza bilen Amérikigha kelgen chet elde MD yaki PhD unwani alghanlargha bérilidighan maash adette yiligha 34 ming dollardin 55 ming dollar etrapida bolidu.

Amérikida adem alidighan organlargha adem élishta aldi bilen Amérikiliq yaki Amérikida mengülük turush hoquqi barlarni yeni «green card»i barlarni élish telep qilinidighan bolup, chet ellikni yallap ishlitishning shertliri töwendikilerdin ibaret. (1) Yuqiri sewiyelik töwen maashliq kishiler. Yeni béridighan maashi töwen bolghanchqa Amérikidiki oxshash melumatliq kishiler bu xizmetni qilishni xalimighan bolushi kérek. (2) Amérikida kem uchraydighan qol hünerwen yaki yoqap kétish éhtimali bolghan kesp bilen shughallan’ghuchilar. (3) Amérikiliqlar qilishni xalimaydighan éghir, japaliq, xeterlik xizmetler bilen shughullan’ghuchilar. (4) Amérikida shu kesp bilen shughullinidighan adem yétishmeywatqan kesptikiler, mesilen séstiralar.

Amérikida doxturluq mektepni püttürgen yaki munasiwetlik penler boyiche PhD unwani alghanlarning köpinchisi yuqirida dep ötken chet elliklerge béridighan töwen maashqa ishlimigenliki üchün, Amérikidiki nurghun uniwérsitétlar we tetqiqat organliri her yili köplep chet eldin adem élishqa muxtaj. Aliy mektep we tetqiqat organlirining köpinchisi ixtisadiy kirim keltürmeydighan hem Amérikining dölet ghezinisidin kelgen pul bilen tetqiqat élip baridighan organ bolghanchqa, Amérika hökümitining ulargha alahide siyasiti bar, yeni ular töwen maashliq chet el mutexesislirini yallap ishlitish hoquqidin alahide behrimen bolidighan orunlar hésaplinidu. Adettiki ixtisadiy kirim keltüridighan organlar yaki bazarliq kesplerning maash ölchimi yuqiri bolghachqa, bu xildiki xizmetlerni qilishni xalaydighan kishiler köp, riqabet küchlük, shunga bu organlarning chet eldin adem yallap ishlitishining hajiti yoq, yeni ular bermekchi bolghan maashqa Amérikidin köplep adem tépilidu.


Aptor: Memet Emin Doxtur

[Doctor]

Tébbiy Penler Saheside Amérikigha Kélip Post-Doc Bolush Yolliri

Memet Emin

Amérikining Post-doc Tüzümi

Amérikida tébbiy penler boyiche doktorluq (MD yaki PhD) unwani alghan oqughuchilar bolupmu kelgüside tetqiqat we yaki oqu-oqutush ishliri bilen shughullinishni meqset qilghan oqughuchilar kelgüsige asas sélish üchün, aldin bilen birer tébbiy tetqiqat ornida post-doc bolup ishleydu. Adette post-docning waqti oxshash bir tetqiqat ornida eng köp bolghanda 3 yil bolup, bezide orun almashqandin kéyin yene 3 yil post-doc bolghili bolidu, biraq post-docqa bérilidighan maash nisbeten töwen bolghanliqi üchün, köpinche post-doc bolghanlar bir qarar yeni 3 yil post-doc bolghandin kéyin resmiy xizmet tépishning yolini qilidu. Post-doc bolghanlar adette birer projekitni chöridigen halda mexsus tetqiqat bilen shughullinip, shu sahade muntizim terbiyilinidu (get a special training in a specific field).

Amérikidiki Tébbiy Tetqiqat Orunlirining Qisqiche Ehwali

Tébbiy penler boyiche post-doc bolghanlar adette tetqiqat tejribixanlirida (research lab) tetqiqat élip baridighan bolup, bu tejribixanilar 3 xil oxshimighan türdiki tejribixanilarni öz ichige alidu. Birinchisi Amérikining her qaysi shitat we sheherlirige tarqalghan shexsiy we hökümetning uniwérsitétliridiki tébbiy tetqiqat tejribixaniliri bolup, bu xildiki tejribixanilar Amérikidiki tébbiy tetqiqat tejribixanilarning mutleq köp qismini igileydu. Ikkinchisi Amérika Fediral Hökümetning tébbiy tetqiqat tejribixaniliri bolup, bu asasliqi Amérikining Döletlik Saqliqni Saqlash Instituti (National Institute of Health or NIH) qarimiqidiki tejribixanilarni öz ichige alidu. Üchinchisi Amérikidiki ximiye, dora we tébbiy üsküniler shirketliri qarimiqidiki tetqiqat tejribixanilardin ibaret.

Yuqiriqi üch xil tejribixana ichide, aldinqi ikki xildiki tejribixana asasen Amérika hökümitining Döletlik Saqliqni Saqlash Instituti (National Institute of Health or NIH) din alghan tetqiqat xirajitige (research grant) tayinip tetqiqat élip baridighan bolup, ixtisadiy kirim keltürmeydighan orunlar hésablinidu. Ularning tetqiqat netijisidin pütün jem’iyet heqsiz paydilinidu. Bu tejribixanilarning tetqiqat xirajiti cheklik bolghanliqi üchün, post-doclargha we bashqa xizmetchilirige béridighan maashi nisbeten töwen, shunga kirish nisbeten asan. Bu xildiki tejribixanilarda tetqiqat bilen shughullinidighanlarning köp qismi dunyda eng dangliq bolghan tébbiy tetqiqatchilar we alimlar bolup, özlirini tébbiy tetqiqat ishliri üchün béghishliwetkenler. Tarixta tébbiy penler boyiche Nobél Mukapatigha Amérikiliq tébbiy alimlarning mutleq köp qismi mushu xildiki tébbiy tetqiqat tejribixanilarda tetqiqat bilen shughullan’ghanlar bolup, ularning köp qismi pul üchün emes belki xizmetke bolghan qizghinliqi üchün bu xil xizmetlerni tallighanlar.

Shirket qarimiqidiki tébbiy tetqiqat tejribixanilirining tetqiqat xirajitining köp qismi shirkettin biwasite kélidighan bolup, ular nisbeten ixtisadi kirim keltüridighan orunlar hésablinidu. Ularning tetqiqat netijisi köpinche hallarda sélin’ghan meblighidin nechche hesse yuqiri payda keltüridu. Shunga xizmetchilirige béridighan maash ölchimi nisbeten yuqiri, riqabet küchlük bolup kirish nisbeten sel qiyin.

Amérikidiki tébbiy tetqiqat tejribixanilirining chong-kichikliki shu tejribixanining bashliqi bolghan proféssorning NIH din alghan tetqiqat xirajitining az-köplüki bilen biwasite munasiwetlik bolup, adette her bir tejribixanida 3 tin 20 ge qeder adem ishleydu. Köpinche tejribexanilarda 6, 7 adem bolidu. Bularning ichide adette yérimi dégüdek post-doc bolup, qalghanliri Proféssor, Dotsént, Yardemchi Professor(léktor), Tetqiqatchi, Kandidat tetqiqatchi, Yardemchi tetqiqatchi, Téxnik qatarliqlarni öz ichige alidu. Bir tejribixanida bularning hemmisining bolushi shert emes, biraq kem dégende bir yaki birdin yuqiri Proféssor yaki Dotsént bolushi kérek.

Amérikida tetqiqat tejribixanilar gerche musteqil organ bolmisimu, biraq, adem élishta, shu tejribixana bashliqi bolghan proféssor toluq hoquqqa ige. Tejribexanigha adem élishta yuqirining testiqini élish hajetsiz. Ular özige yarighan herqandaq ademni ishlitishke hoquqluq. Bu proféssorlar eger birer sewebtin bashqa orun’gha yötkilip ketmekchi bolsa, özige tewe bolghan tetqiqat xirajitini birge élip kételeydu.

Tébbiy Penler Boyiche Doctorluq Unwani Alghanlarning Amérikigha Kélip Post-Doc Bolushta Hazirlashqa Tégishlik Shertler

Amérikigha kélip post-doc (博士后) bolush üchün, aldi bilen méditsina saheside doktorluq unwani (MD, Doctor of Medicine, 医�*�博士) élish, yaki bolmisa Biochemistry (生物化�*�), Biology(生物�*�), Genetics (遗�*�*�), Histology (组织�*�), Immunology (免疫�*�), Microbiology (微生物�*�), Bacteriology ( 细菌�*�), Virology ( 病毒�*�), Molecular Biology (分�*�生物�*�), Molecular Biophysics (分�*�生物物理�*�), Pathology ( 病理�*�) , Pathophysiology ( 病理生理�*�), Pharmacology (药理�*�), Physiology (生理�*�) qatarliq penler boyiche doktorluq (PhD) unwani élish kérek.

Amérikigha kélip Post-doc bolush üchün In’glizchide belgilik sewiyege yétish kérek. Post-doc bolush üchün gerche TOEFL imtihani telep qilinmisimu, biraq, wiza élishta we kelgüsi xizmet jeryanida In’gliz tili kem bolsa bolmaydighan muhim wasite bolup, belgilik sewiyege yetmigenlerning wiza alalishi we kelgüsi xizmetning höddisidin chiqishi qiyin.

Amirkigha kilip Post-doc bolush uchun towendiki texnikilarning kop qismi bilen, hich bolmighanda bir qismi bilen tonush bolush kirek.

1. Laboratory Routines: Such as making molar solution (buffer); pH, osmolarity measurement; cell culture including cell throw, cell subculture, and cell freeze; using different kind of microscopy; etc.

2. Working with animal: mostly mouse, rat and rabbit.

3. Electrophoresis: A process by which molecules (such as proteins, DNA, or RNA fragments) can be separated according to size and electrical charge by applying an electric current to them. Each kind of molecule travels through the medium at a different rate, depending on its electrical charge and molecular size.

4. Enzyme-Linked ImmunoSorbent Assay (ELISA): a sensitive method for serodiagnosis of specific infectious diseases; an in vitro competitive binding assay in which an enzyme and its substrate serve as the indicator system rather than a radioactive substance; in positive tests, the two yield a colored or other easily recognizable substance; tests are made in wells in polystyrene or other material to which immunoglobulins or antigenic (viral or other) preparations readily adsorb; the enzyme is linked to known immunoglobulin (or antigen) and in positive tests remains in the well as part of the antigen-antibody complex available to react with its substrate when added.

5. Flow Cytometry: A method of measuring fluorescence from stained cells that are in suspension and flowing through a narrow orifice, usually in combination with one or two lasers to activate the dyes; used to measure cell size, number, viability, and nucleic acid content with the aid of acridine orange, Kasten's fluorescent Feulgen stain, ethidium bromide, trypan blue, and other selected staining reagents

6. Gene transfer -- incorporation of new DNA into and organism's cells, usually by a vector such as a modified virus.

7. Immunofluorescence Staining: Using specific primary antibody and secondary antibody conjugated fluorescence dye to label certain protein or receptor of the cells.

8. Immunohistochemistry (IHC): is the process of detection of antigens in tissue using antibodies. The antibodies can be polyclonal or monoclonal in origin, the monoclonal ones being more specific in nature. Immunohistochemistry is widely used for diagnosis of cancers.

9. Immunoprecipitation (IP) -- the phenomenon of aggregation of sensitized antigen upon addition of specific antibody (precipitin) to antigen in solution.

10. Immunoelectrophoresis: A kind of precipitin test in which the components of one group of immunological reactants (usually a mixture of antigens) are first separated on the basis of electrophoretic mobility in agar or other medium, the separated components then being identified, by means of the technique of double diffusion, on the basis of precipitates formed by reaction with components of the other group of reactants (antibodies)

11. Northern blotting analysis -- a technique for transferring electrophoretically resolved RNA segments from an agarose gel to a nitrocellulose filter paper sheet via capillary action.

12. Southern blotting analysis -- a technique for transferring electrophoretically resolved DNA segments from an agarose gel to a nitrocellulose filter paper sheet via capillary action; the DNA segment of interest is probed with a radioactive, complementary nucleic acid and its position is determined by autoradiography.

13. Western blotting analysis -- a technique used to identify a specific protein; the probe is a radioactively labeled antibody raised against the protein in question.

14. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) -- a technique for copying the complementary strands of a target DNA molecule simultaneously for a series of cycles until the desired amount is obtained.

15. Data Analysis: Using computerized data analysis system to analysis experimental data.

Yéngidin post-doc bolghanlar, birer tejribixanigha yéngidin kirgendin kéyin, adette kem dégende1, 2 ay bashqilargha egiship tejribe ishleydighan bolup, melum mezgillik yéngi muhit bilen tonushush we maslishish imkaniyitigha ige. Shunga bezi inchike tereplerde bek ensirep kétishning hajiti yoq.

Amérikigha Kélip Post-Doc Bolushqa Iltimas Qilishning Qedem Basquchliri

Doxturluq mektipide oqughan yaki munasiwetlik penler boyiche doktorluq unwani alghanlar, Amérikigha kélip tetqiqat bilen shughullanmaqchi yaki post-doc (博士后) bolmaqchi bolsa, töwendiki bir nechche qedem basquchlar arqiliq közligen meqsitige yételishi tamamen mumkin.

(1) Aldi bilen özining qisqiche ehwalini (CV) ölchemlik qilip yézip chiqing. Yazghan CV da eng yuqiri oqush tarixi (Highest Education), xizmet tejribisi (Working Experience including Clinical and Research Experience), tepsiliy téxnikisi (Detailed Techniques, what you can do), élan qilghan maqalisi (Publications including conference), érishken mukapat yaki tetqiqat fondi (Awards and or research grants), 3 körsetküchi (3 References) qatarliq mezmunlarni öz ichige élishi kérek. Undin bashqa özining néme meqsiti barliqi toghrisida bir parche xet (cover letter) yézip teyyarlang. “Cover Letter” sampillirini http://recruit.sciencemag.org/featur...ce/letters.shl din körüng.

(2) Andin kéyin özingiz qiziqidighan yaki kelgüsi shughullanmaqchi bolghan dairde birer proféssor we yaki tejribixana téping. Tapqan proféssor eng yaxshisi resmiy proféssor yaki eng kem dégende dotsént (Associate Professor) bolushi, hemde choqum tejribixana bashliqi bolushi yeni bu proféssorning özining tetqiqat tejribixanisi bolushi kérek.

(3) Shu tapqan proféssorgha éléktronluq xet (e-mail) ewetip özining meqsitini uqturush kérek. CV ni adette xetke chatma (attachment) qilip ewetidighan bolup, tunji qétimliq xetke qoshup ewetsimu bolidu, kéyin ewetsimu bolidu. Köpinche kishiler proféssorning adem alidighan almaydighanliqini bilmigechke, aldi bilen özining meqsitini ipadileydighan «Target Letter» ewetip körüp béqip, proféssordin jawab kelgendin kéyin andin CV ni chatma (attachment) qilip ewetidu. Qarshi terepning adem alidighan-almaydighanliqini bilmigen ehwal astida, bir-ikki proféssorgha xet yézip qoyupla toxtap qalsingiz, közligen meqsitingizge hergizmu yételmeysiz. Shunga érinmey köprek proféssor tépip, xet yézip turushingiz kérek.

(4) Eger birer proféssor sizni élishqa maqul bolup, siz bilen téléfon arqiliq körüshmekchi bolsa, puxta teyyarliq qilip, öz qabiliyitingizni toluq jariy qildurushingiz kérek. Bilidighan nersingizni choqum bilimen deng, yalghan gep qilip, po étishtin saqlining, biraq alahide kemter bolupmu ketmeng. Özingizge ishench qiling.

(5) Birer proféssorr sizni élishni qarar qilghandin kéyin, kéreklik resmiyetlerning köp qismini sizni almaqchi bolghan proféssor Amérikining Köchmenler Idarisi arqiliq Amérikida püttürüp, sizge yollap béridu.

(6) Siz qarshi terepning munasiwetlik resmiyetlirini tapshurup élishning aldi-keynide, wiza élishqa puxta teyyarliq qiling. Adette post-doc bolghuchilardin alahide imtihan élinmisimu, biraq til jehette belgilik sewiyege yétish telep qilinidu. Eger siz til jehette belgilik sewiyege yetmigen bolsingiz, wiza bergüchi teripidin ret qilinishingiz mumkin.

(7) Post-docqa bérilidighan wiza adette J-1 we H-1B dep ikki xil bolup, bezide sizni almaqchi bolghan proféssor sizdin qaysi wiza bilen Amérikigha kélisen dep soraydu. J-1 wiza bilen Amérikigha kelgenlerge adette yiligha 18 ming dollardin 24 ming dollar etrapida maash béridighan bolup (elwette bezi shitat we bezi tejribixanilarda uningdin yuqiri bérishimu mumkin), alahide san cheklimisi yoq, bu xil wizini élish sel asan. H-1B viza bilen Amérikigha kelgenlerge bérilidighan maash adette yiligha 34 ming dollardin 55 ming dollar etrapida bolup, her yili belgilik san cheklimisi bar, bu xil wizigha iltimas qilghanlar sel köp bolup, riqabet küchlük, élish sel qiyin. Shunga siz özingizning ehwaligha asasen jawab bersingiz bolidu.

Wizigha munasiwetlik matériyallarni töwendiki tor betlerge kirip körüng:

http://travel.state.gov/visa/visa_1750.html

http://travel.state.gov/visa/temp/types/types_1271.html

http://uscis.gov/graphics/services/visas.htm

http://travel.state.gov/visa/temp/types/types_1267.html

http://www.embassyworld.com/embassy/usa1.htm

http://www.usembassy-china.org.cn/

Amérikida Post-Doc Bolushqa Proféssor Tépish Yolliri

Töwendiki birnechche usul we qedem basquchlar arqiliq siz izdimekchi bolghan proféssorlarni tapalishingiz mumkin.

Birinchi xil usul tébbiy jurnallarda élan qilin’ghan maqaliler arqiliq proféssor tépish

(1) Siz qiziqidighan yaki kelgüsi qilmaqchi bolghan sahediki achquchluq sözlerni (key word) tépip, töwendiki tor betliridin izdep, munasiwetlik maqalilerni téping.

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi yaki www.yahoo.com

www.google.com

Siz izdep tapqan maqalilerning köpinchisining peqetla abistrakit (qisqiche mezmun) bolup, toluq tékistini körüsh üchün heq telep qilidu, shundaqtimu köprek izdisingiz yenila yéterlik heqsiz maqalilerni tapalaysiz.

(2) Bu tapqan maqalilerni körüp chiqip, qiziqidighan qiziqmaydighanliqingizni yaki özingizge mas kélidighan kelmeydighanliqini békiting.

(3) Amérikida élan qilin’ghan maqalining birinchi aptori adette shu maqalidiki tejribilerni ishligüchi bolup, eng axirqi aptor köpinche hallarda shu tejribixanining bashliqi yeni bash proféssor bolidu. Shunga eger siz qiziqidighan maqale tapsingiz, eng axirqi aptorining ismi bilen éléctironluq-xet (e-mail) adrésini xatiriliwéling.

Ikkinchi xil usul aliy mektep yaki tetqiqat orunlirining tor béti arqiliq proféssor tépish

(1) Aliy mektep yaki tetqiqat orunlirining tor bétige bérip, u yerdin Medical School yaki Research dégen yerni tépip, andin kéyin siz qiziqidighan pen yaki sahege teelluq bolghan fakultét (Department) ni téping, uningdin kéyin shu fakultéttiki tetqiqat tejribixanilargha (Research Lab) kirip, tejribixana bashliqi (Lab Direktor) ni téping.

(2) Tapqan proféssorning tonushturulushi bilen tetqiqat yönilishini, élan qilghan maqalirini körüp chiqip, özingizning qiziqidighan qiziqmaydighanliqingizni yaki özingizge mas kélidighan kelmeydighanliqini békiting. Eger muwapiq körsingiz ismi bilen éléctronluq-xet (e-mail) adrésining xatiriliwéling.

Mesilen http://www.harvard.edu/ kirip “School” dégen yerni bassingiz töwendiki adrésqa kirisiz http://www.harvard.edu/academics/

Andin kéyin “Research programs ” dégennini bassingiz, töwendiki adrésqa kirisiz. http://www.harvard.edu/academics/research.html, “Medical School” ni körüsiz.

“Medical School” ni bassingiz http://www.hms.harvard.edu/research.html ge kirisiz.

U yerde Postdoctoral Opportunities at HMS dégenni körisiz. U yerdin izdisingizmu bolidu, yaki bolmisa özingiz qiziqidighan penler boyiche izdisingizmu bolidu.

Eger siz “Cell Biology” dégen yerni bassingiz http://cellbio.med.harvard.edu/ ge kirisingiz we yerde “Faculty” ni körüsiz.

“Faculty” dégenni bésip kirsingiz, http://cellbio.med.harvard.edu/faculty/index.html ge kirisiz we nurghun proféssorlarning ismi körüsiz.

Eger siz xalighan bir isimni bésip kirsingiz, siz izdimekchi bolghan matériyallargha yeni proféssorlarning e-mail adrésigha érisheleysiz.

Oxshimighan uniwérsitétning tor betliride az-tola perqler bolsimu, biraq tejribixana we proféssorlarning isim-famile we e-mail adrésini tépish asasen oxshiship kétidu.

Üchinchi xil usul munasiwetlik tor betlerdiki Job opportunity yaki career dégen élanlar arqiliq proféssor yaki tejribixana tépish. Adette bezi tor betlerde élan qilghan xizmet élanlirining telipi bir az yuqiri yaki Amérikidiki kishilerni asas qilidighan bolsimu, biraq bu élanlar arqiliq orun tépishning mumkinchiliki yenila bar.

Mesilen Science jornilining bu tor bétige http://www.sciencemag.org/ ge kirsingiz, science career dégen körisiz, uni bésip kirsingiz xizmet tépishqa ait her xil uchurlar tapalaysiz.

Amérikidiki Bir Qisim Uniwérsitét We Munasiwetlik Orunlarning Tor Betliri

Harvard University (MA) http://www.harvard.edu/

Yale University (CT) http://www.yale.edu/

Stanford University (CA) http://www.stanford.edu

University of Pennsylvania http://www.upenn.edu

Duke University (NC) http://www.duke.edu/

Dartmouth College (NH) http://www.dartmouth.edu

Columbia University (NY) http://www.columbia.edu

Cornell University (NY) http://www.cornell.edu

University of Chicago (IL) http://www.uchicago.edu

Northwestern University (IL) http://www.northwestern.edu

Rice University (TX) http://www.rice.edu

Brown University (RI) http://www.brown.edu

Johns Hopkins University (MD) http://www.jhu.edu

Washington University in St. Louis http://www.wustl.edu

Emory University (GA) http://www.emory.edu

University of Notre Dame (IN) http://www.nd.edu

University of California – Berkeley http://www.berkeley.edu

University of Virginia http://www.virginia.edu

Vanderbilt University (TN) http://www.vanderbilt.edu

Carnegie Mellon University (PA) http://www.cmu.edu

Georgetown University (DC) http://www.georgetown.edu

University of California – Los Angeles http://www.ucla.edu/

University of Michigan – Ann Arbor http://www.umich.edu

University of North Carolina – Chapel Hill http://www.unc.edu

Wake Forest University (NC) http://www.wfu.edu

Tufts University (MA) http://www.tufts.edu

College of William and Mary (VA) http://www.wm.edu

Brandeis University (MA) http://www.brandeis.edu

Univ. of California – San Diego http://www.ucsd.edu/

New York University http://www.nyu.edu

University of Rochester (NY) http://www.rochester.edu

Georgia Institute of Technology http://www.gatech.edu

Univ. of Southern California http://www.usc.edu/

Univ. of Wisconsin – Madison http://www.wisc.edu

Case Western Reserve Univ. (OH) http://www.cwru.edu

Lehigh University (PA) http://www2.lehigh.edu/home.html

University of California – Davis http://www.ucdavis.edu

University of California – Irvine http://www.uci.edu

University of Illinois – Urbana-Champaign http://www.uiuc.edu

Pennsylvania State University– University Park http://www.psu.edu

University of California – Santa Barbara http://www.ucsb.edu

University of Washington http://www.washington.edu

American Academy of Pediatrics http://www.aap.org/

American Association of Cardiovascular & Pulmonary Rehabilitation (AACPR)

http://www.aacvpr.org/

American Association of Respiratory Care (AARC) http://www.aarc.org/

American Heart Association http://www.americanheart.org/present...tifier=1200000

American Lung Association (ALA) http://www.lungusa.org/

American Psychological Association (APA) http://www.apa.org/

American Thoracic Society http://www.thoracic.org/

National Institute of Health (NIH) http://www.nih.gov/

Pulmonary Pathology Society http://www.pulmonarypath.org/

Journal List http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/IBIDS/journals.html

AJP - Cell Physiology http://ajpcell.physiology.org/

American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine

http://ajrccm.atsjournals.org/

American Journal of Respiratory and Cell Molecular Biology

http://ajrcmb.atsjournals.org/

Biochemical Journal http://bj.portlandpress.co.uk/bj.htm

Biochemistry and Cell Biology

http://www.cisti.nrc.ca/cgi-bin/cist...rp2_desc_e?bcb

Journal of Cell Biology http://www.jcb.org/

New England Journal of Medicine

Science www.sciencemag.org

American Journal of Pathology http://ajp.amjpathol.org/

The Journal of Immunology http://www.jimmunol.org/

BD (Bacton Dickinson Company) http://www.bd.com/

BD Biosciences http://www.bdbiosciences.com

Bio-Rad http://www.bio-rad.com/B2B/BioRad/br_start.jsp

ICN http://www.icnbiomed.com

Pharmingen http://www.pharmingen.com

Roche Molecular Biochemicals

http://www.rochemolecularbiochemicals.ca/index.php

Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Inc http://www.scbt.com

Sigma http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/

Sigma Life Science

http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/Area_of_...e_Science.html

Transduction Laboratories http://www.translab.com

Upstate http://www.upstatebiotech.com/
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